battle standard decorated with hanging strips of paper or leather;  fireman's standard (Edo period)
 sense;  idea;  desire;  concern;  attention;  care
 indicates direct object of action;  indicates subject of causative expression;  indicates an area traversed;  indicates time (period) over which action takes place;  indicates point of departure or separation of action;  indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
 body;  torso;  trunk;  build;  physique;  health
 indicates possessive;  nominalizes verbs and adjectives;  substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases;  (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion;  (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis;  (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
 surroundings;  environs;  circumference
 at (place, time);  in;  to (direction, state);  toward;  for (purpose);  because of (reason);  for
 to stop;  to stay (e.g. the night);  to contain;  to keep (in position, in place);  to record (e.g. a fact);  to retain
 technique;  art;  skill;  move
 this;  this one;  this person;  now;  this point (in time);  here;  used to stress the subject of a sentence
 by means of;  due to;  because of;  according to
 the body;  the flesh;  the outer man;  one's physique
 indicates sentence topic;  indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated);  adds emphasis
 tough;  strong;  stiff;  tenacious
 young;  youthful;  immature;  green;  low (number);  small
 too;  also;  both A and B;  A as well as B;  even;  as much as
 to keep;  to preserve;  to hold;  to last;  to endure;  to keep well (food)
 starting field which contains the November and/or December 20-point card
 to sever;  to cut off;  to suppress;  to eradicate;  to abstain (from);  to give up
 indication;  sign;  hint;  tone (of the market)
 to erase;  to delete;  to turn off (power);  to switch off;  to extinguish;  to put out
 effect;  effectiveness;  efficacy;  effects (e.g. sound effects, visual effects, special effects)
 indicates sentence subject (occasionally object);  indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions);  but;  however;  regardless of;  whether (or not)
 to be;  to exist;  to have;  to be located;  to be equipped with;  to happen
 energy;  energy;  strength;  energy source;  energy resource;  food energy
 strong;  potent;  strong;  brawny;  good (at);  skilled;  being able to handle
 to get;  to earn;  to understand;  to comprehend;  to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment);  to get (ill)
 although;  despite;  whereas;  while;  if only;  I wish
 component;  factor;  item (e.g. in list);  element (e.g. in array);  member (e.g. data structure)
 be;  is;  did;  (have) done;  please;  do
 departure;  departing (from ...);  sending;  sent (by ...);  engine;  counter for gunshots, bursts of gas, etc.
 at;  in;  at;  when;  by;  with;  and then
 final;  eventual;  ultimate
 to let out;  to utter;  to issue;  to send;  to leave;  to depart
 four;  four years of age;  ten o'clock (old time system);  Burakumin;  cross grips
 great enterprise;  great task
 if;  when;  and;  with;  used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.);  promoted pawn;  indicates a question
 to call out (to);  to call;  to summon (a doctor, etc.);  to invite;  to designate;  to name;  to garner (support, etc.)
 to handle (men);  to master (a tool);  to manage;  to acquire a command of (a language)