indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
examination; exam; test; trial; experiment; test
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
assembly hall; meeting place; venue; grounds
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
examination; quiz; test; tryout; rehearsal (in filming)
next; hypo- (i.e. containing an element with low valence); order; sequence
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
how; in what way; how about
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
success; passing (e.g. exam); eligibility
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
guidance; leading (the way); information; notice; announcement (of one's arrival); invitation