indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
congress; parliament; diet; legislative assembly
state; state of affairs; appearance; look; sign; indication
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
full particulars; the whole story; from beginning to end
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
that being the case; because of ...; the reason is ...; given that ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart
to give; to confer; to bestow; to kindly do for one; to oblige; to favour
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
well then ...; in that situation; in which case
counter for occurrences; a time; an instance; inning (baseball); round; episode; chapter
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
charge; cost; generation; age; era; a representative of; on behalf of
president (of a society); chairman
general election (of the lower house)
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
announcement; publication; presenting; statement; communique; making known
whole; all; general; gross; entire; overall
several; a number of; quantity; amount; counting; figures; number
counter for people (usu. seating, reservations and such); first name; famous; great; name; noun
valid; effective; yuko (judo)
number of votes obtained (polled)
vote; ballot; label; ticket; tag
voter turnout; (polling) turnout
condition; term; requirement; qualification; prerequisite
un-; non-; negative prefix
achievement; attainment; accomplishment; realization
by means of; due to; because of; according to
repeat election; recall election