indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
other; another; over; more than; I; me
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
model; type (e.g. of machine, goods, etc.); type; style; mold (mould); template; kata (standard form of a movement, posture, etc. in martial arts, sport, etc.)
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
equation; formula; ceremony; style; (arch.) enforcement regulations (of the ritsuryo)
counter for articles; counter for military units; individual
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
adds force or indicates command
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
cause; seed; variety; kind; counter for varieties
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to continue; to keep up; to keep on
whole; entirety; whatever (is the matter)
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation