indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
(fixing) boundaries for religious practices; prohibition (of items, people, spirits, etc. that would hinder Buddhist practice); fence between inner and outer sanctums in a temple; (arch.) short two or three-fold lattice around the front desk of a store; barrier; dimensional barrier
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
genuine article; real thing; real deal
a-ha-ha (laughing loudly)
other self; alter ego; part of oneself (in someone or something else); incarnations of Buddha
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent