indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
time; hour; period; class
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
announcement (esp. over public-address system); official announcement; formal information release
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
minute (unit of time); fun (one tenth of a monme, 5.787 grains)
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
remnant; residue; remaining; left-over
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
adds force or indicates command
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
simple; easy; uncomplicated; brief; quick; light
to push; to press; to apply pressure from above; to press down; to stamp (i.e. a passport); to apply a seal; to affix (e.g. gold leaf)
interval; period of time; among; between; good opportunity; chance
a-ha-ha (laughing loudly)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
in that way; thus; so; so?
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need