indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
(camera) shutter; shutter (for a door, window, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
elevator; lift; elevator (aviation)
(computer) monitor; consumer who comments on products, television programs, etc. (programmes); program or utility that monitors a program or activity
room; wife (of someone of high rank); scabbard; Chinese "Encampment" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
door; gate; opening; title page
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
companion; fellow; group; company; member of the same category (family, class)
attack; assault; raid; criticism; censure; denunciation
above ground; on the ground; earth's surface; this world; this earth
to lock up; to shut up; to imprison
armoured vehicle; armored vehicle
personal identification number; PIN; password number
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!