indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
exit; gateway; way out; outlet; vent; leak
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
unreasonable; unnatural; impossible; forcible; forced; excessive (work, etc.); immoderate
centre; center; middle; capital; seat of government
palm (of the hand); palm tree
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
stairs; stairway; staircase
to be caught; to be arrested; to hold on to; to grasp; to find (e.g. proof); to get (e.g. a taxi)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence