indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
suffix for familiar person
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
(social) position; status
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
cheese; tee (piping); T-joint; cheese (said when taking a photograph)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
God; god; ace; king; superior person
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
light; well-lit; bright (of a colour); brightly-coloured; cheerful; bright; encouraging (for the future of a project, etc.)
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
adds force or indicates command
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good