now; soon; already; yet; further; more
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
Golden Week (early-May holiday season in Japan)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
there's no (other) way; cannot be helped; unavoidable; it's no use (doing); pointless; hopeless (person)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
toilet; restroom; bathroom; lavatory
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
past; after; too (much); over- (e.g. eating)
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
madder (esp. Japanese madder, Rubia argyi); madder (red color)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
slowly; quietly; steadily; soon; momentarily; before long
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
preparation; arrangements; getting ready; provision; setup; reserving
request; favour (to ask); wish; please
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
as a matter of fact; by the way; to tell you the truth; to be honest; frankly
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
castle (in place names); castle; fortress