indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
grandmother; old woman; female senior citizen
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
uncle; old man; mister; manybar goatfish (Parupeneus multifasciatus)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
sweet dumpling made with mochi flour and (sometimes) millet flour (famous product of Okayama); millet dumplings
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
ogre; demon; spirit of a deceased person; ogre-like person (i.e. fierce, relentless, merciless, etc.); it (in a game of tag, hide-and-seek, etc.); Chinese "ghost" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); very
grandfather; male senior-citizen
check (pattern); ichimatsu doll
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
chasing out ogres; exterminating ogres
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
in this way; thus; such; uh...
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
please (give me); please (do for me)
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
people; men and women; each person; everybody
huff!; yo-heave-ho!; heigh-ho; to butter up; to suck up to
tanuki (Nyctereutes procyonoides); raccoon dog; sly dog; sly old fox; sly fox
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing