indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
kokkuri; divination technique similar to table turning and planchette
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
doing; in such a state; doing together; doing to each other; familiarizing suffix (sometimes meaning "small")
intimate friend; close friend; bosom buddy; chum
young bird; chick; fledgling; hina doll; doll displayed during the Girls' Festival
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
inconsequential; indifferent; not worth worrying about; whatever; whichever; I don't care
to curse; to put a curse on; to detest intensely
middle-age; middle age; midlife; one's middle years
grunt; grumble; pimples; spots; cutting into small pieces; simmering
or rather (say); or better (say); or perhaps I should say; or, how should I put it,...; I mean
to take hold of; to possess; to haunt
check (pattern); ichimatsu doll
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to