indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
people; citizens; subjects; folk
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
Qin dynasty (of China; 221-207 BCE); Ch'in dynasty
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
what!; oh; what the heck; what the; damn
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
in that way; thus; so; so?
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
honorific/polite/humble prefix
now; the present time; just now; another; more
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)