indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
adds force or indicates command
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
honesty; sincerity; trust; reliance; (religious) faith; devotion
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
war; battle; campaign; (arch.) troops; (arch.) forces
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
deep; profound; dense; thick; close (relationship); intense; strong
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
movement; move; motion; trend; development; change
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she