indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
honesty; sincerity; trust; reliance; (religious) faith; devotion
Qin dynasty (of China; 221-207 BCE); Ch'in dynasty
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
commander; general; leader
(the) positive; yang (in Chinese divination); the open; visible place
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen