oh!; ah!; oh dear!; good grief!; dear me!; thank God!
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to return; to come home; to leave (of a guest, customer, etc.); to get home; to get to home plate
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
very; greatly; immense; enormous; serious; grave
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well ...; I think ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
dangerous; in danger; facing imminent danger; precarious (situation); perilous (state, balance, etc.); in doubt
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
face; visage; look; (facial) expression; honor (honour); face; influence
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
pluralizing suffix; or so; rough indicator of direction, location, amount, etc.; nominalizing suffix
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to make sure of; to ascertain; to see with one's own eyes; to watch to the end; to watch to make sure (that)
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
amusement; fun; brief entertainment
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to mark the end; to spell the end
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
release; unleashing; liberation; deallocation (of computer memory)
warfare; the maelstrom of war; disorder brought about by war
storm; tempest; uproar; hullabaloo; pile of 3 cards of the same value in oicho-kabu
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
throughout; over a period of ...; over a span of ...
to blow violently; to sweep over; to devastate
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
countries; (various) nations
seven; seven years of age; four o'clock (old time system)
weeding out; elimination (e.g. of unneeded employees); culling; selection
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
now; the present time; just now; another; more
end; extremity; limit; result; outcome; upshot
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); province (of Japan)