indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
adds force or indicates command
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
honesty; sincerity; trust; reliance; (religious) faith; devotion
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
sword (esp. a large, double-edged one); blade; bayonet; swordsmanship; stinger; ovipositor
you; you bastard; you son of a bitch; (arch.) you
Japanese marten (Martes melampus); marten (any arboreal weasel-like mammal of genus Martes)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
prime minister (in ancient China)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
monkey (esp. the Japanese macaque, Macaca fuscata); ape; sly person; idiot; hick; sliding wooden bolt (for holding a door or window shut); clasp used to control the height of a pot-hook