indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
out (of a ball, in tennis, etc.); outside the line; out; putout; outer; external; exit
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
counter for occurrences; a time; an instance; inning (baseball); round; episode; chapter
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
number (in a series); (one's) turn; watch; guard; rank; standing; bout
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
ball; ball (pitch that falls outside of the strike zone); bowl; board (cardboard, pasteboard, etc.)
safe; in (of a ball, in tennis, etc.); all right; OK
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
in that way; thus; so; so?
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
now; the present time; just now; another; more
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
match; game; bout; contest
Saint; St.; S.; sacred; holy; pure
sphere; counter for balls
house; one's house; one's home; one's family
preeminence; supremacy; distinction; excellence