indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
adds force or indicates command
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
ball; ball (pitch that falls outside of the strike zone); bowl; board (cardboard, pasteboard, etc.)
out (of a ball, in tennis, etc.); outside the line; out; putout; outer; external; exit
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
foot; paw; leg; gait; pace; bottom structural component (i.e. radical) of a kanji; means of transportation
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
strike (e.g. in baseball, bowling)
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
pitcher; pitcher (container); jug
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
to hit; to strike; to strike (noon, etc.); to sound (cymbals, etc.); to beat (rhythmically, e.g. pulse, waves, etc.); to move; to impress