to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
educational institution; school; academy; campus
successive generations; successive emperors
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
genius; prodigy; natural gift
nice; good; well-executed
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
escape; flight; running away; elopement; fleeing
conclusion from reasoning, judgement or calculation based on something read or heard; reason; cause; meaning; circumstances; situation
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
drainage; ditch; gutter; sewage; black water
route; road; distance travelled in a day; one's ... (age, e.g. 40s, 60s)
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
to be tied together; to be connected to; to lead to; to be related to; to be related (by blood)
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
particle indicating that the speaker is trying to recall some information
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to fire (gun, arrow, questions, etc.); to shoot; to set free; to release; to emit (e.g. light); to give off (e.g. a scent)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to understand; to make out
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be related; to be connected; to be joined together; to result in; to lead to; to bring about
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
all; entire; whole; altogether
partly burned charcoal; (arch.) servant boy at a brothel or teahouse
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to one's heart's content; as much as one wants; as hard as one can; resolution; decisiveness; determination
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
he; she; this; this one; Hey, you!; You bastard!
trouble; burden; nuisance; care; dependence; support