indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
(one's) inner voice; voice of one's heart; what one really thinks
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
ball; ball (pitch that falls outside of the strike zone); bowl; board (cardboard, pasteboard, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
hand; arm; forepaw; foreleg; handle; hand; worker
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
victory or defeat; match; contest; game
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
adds force or indicates command
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she