indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
(doing) various things; (doing) this and that; being apt to; being prone to; at any rate; anyhow
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
adds force or indicates command
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
how; in what way; how about
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
examination; quiz; test; tryout; rehearsal (in filming)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
counter for the ichi-ni-san counting system (usu. directly preceding the item being counted); noun read using its on-yomi; counter for articles; indicates possessive (esp. in place names)
prohibition; interdiction; forbidden; prohibited
paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa); empress tree; foxglove tree
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
something like ...; things like ...; someone like ...; the likes of ...