black; black (coffee); without cream or milk; exploitative (esp. of employees); overly harsh; boldface
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
How do you do?; I am glad to meet you
strange; odd; unexpected; change; incident; disturbance
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
wing; Chinese "Wings" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); (arch.) counter for birds or bird wings
first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
beginning; outset; first; onset
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
thanks; gratitude; manners; etiquette; bow; reward
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
please (give me); please (do for me)
Golden Week (early-May holiday season in Japan)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
school festival; cultural festival; annual open day school event showcasing student talent
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
various; all sorts of; variety of; (arch.) various colors (colours)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to make efforts; to take pains; to break a bone
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
trouble; bother; annoyance; to be troubled (by); to be bothered (by); to be inconvenienced (by)
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
truth; reality; proper; right; genuine; authentic
I'm sorry; (it's) inexcusable; I feel regretful; thank you very much (for help, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
now; the present time; just now; another; more
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
it is ... that ...; precisely; although; while; it is precisely because ... that ...; only because ...
to run over (with a vehicle); to knock down
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
one's own convenience; one's way; surroundings; environment; convenience; ease of use; financial circumstances