indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
cold; frigid; bracing; dignified
truth; reality; sincerity; honesty; (arch.) that's right
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
now; the present time; just now; another; more
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
two persons; two people; pair; couple
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
adds force or indicates command
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
dot; spot; mark (in an exam, etc.); grade; point (in a game); score; point (in geometry)
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up