indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
decision of a contest; finals (in sports)
king; monarch; ruler; champion
mole; lentigo; beauty spot
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
generation; the world; the age
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
adds force or indicates command
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
match; game; bout; contest
tire track; traces of a person or thing; path one has taken; locus
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
war; battle; match; game; competition
incredible; unbelievable; terrific; impressive
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already