indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
reservation; appointment; contract; subscription; programming (e.g. a device); setting (e.g. a timer)
entering; entrance; attendance; audience; containing; income; earnings
nest; rookery; den; haunt; (spider's) web
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
preparation; arrangements; provision; getting ready; laying out (e.g. a meal)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be able to do; to be possible; to be good at; to do well; to come into existence; to form; to be made
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
let me see; well; errr ...; uhh ...
guardian; protector; patron; parent
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
Qing dynasty (of China; 1644-1912); Ch'ing dynasty; Manchu dynasty
adds force to a statement, decision or conclusion; indicates command; (strongly) emphasizes the previous word; adds focus; some- (e.g. something, someone)
in this way; like this; this (much); so; uh; er
to be seen; to be visible; to look; to seem; to come
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (so) what (are you trying to say)?; what (do you mean)?
brat; kid; urchin; preta; hungry ghost
-like; sort of; similar to; resembling
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
guest; visitor; customer; client; counter for containers used to entertain guests
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
I'm sorry; (it's) inexcusable; thank you very much (for help, etc.)
guest; visitor; customer; client; shopper
please; if you would; somehow or other; one way or another; whether (or not); if
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to becalm one's feelings; to compose oneself
please (give me); please (do for me)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to fire (from a job); to sack; to dismiss
to lick; to lap; to taste; to experience (esp. a hardship); to underestimate; to make light of