indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
hour; o'clock; (specified) time; when ...; during ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hot blood; warm blood; zeal; fervor; fervour
radio wave; reception; signal; saying strange things
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
club; fraternity; sorority; clubhouse
goodbye; so long; saying goodbye to (e.g. life as a bachelor); putting an end to; farewell (performance, party, etc.); final
teacher; instructor; sensei; title or form of address for a teacher, master, doctor, lawyer, etc.; intimate or teasing form of address; (arch.) one's elder
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to seize; to catch; to obtain; to acquire; to understand; to grasp
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
volume (of book); reel (of film); scroll (of books or paintings); roll (paper, etc.)
cold (to the touch); chilly; icy; (emotionally) cold; coldhearted; unfeeling
wind; breeze; manner; behaviour; cold; influenza
to blow (of the wind); to blow (one's breath); to breathe out; to play (a wind instrument); to blow (a whistle, trumpet, etc.); to emit (smoke, fire, etc.); to spout
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
business district; shopping district; bustling street; shopping centre; shopping center; downtown
izakaya; Japanese bar that also serves various dishes and snacks
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
year-end party; "forget-the-year" party; bōnenkai
to hear; to be told; to know; to receive (order); to undertake; to comply
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to come along; to come around; to turn up; to arrive at the present; to get where one is; to have been doing something (for a period of time)
returning from school; going home from school
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
class (of students); group (of people); party; lot; bunch; crime family; organized-crime syndicate
pupil; student; schoolchild
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
that way; that direction; that (one); that person; there; over there