indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
spell; charm; incantation; magic word
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
school inter-class ball-game competition
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
like this; this sort; this way
fine weather (i.e. little or no clouds); fair weather; clear weather; clear sky; fair skies
to be blessed with; to be rich in; to abound in
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
lively; full of spirit; energetic; healthy; well; fit
to overflow; to brim over; to flood
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
headmaster; principal; dean; provost; rector
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
joy; delight; rapture; pleasure; gratification; rejoicing
please; somehow or other; one way or another
very; much; greatly; a lot of
fighting bravely; strenuous efforts
match; game; bout; contest
to be open (to traffic); to lead to; to flow (liquid, current); to pass; to be understood; to be comprehended; to be honored
important; significant; precious; valuable; careful
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to study (in depth); to learn; to take lessons in
to receive; to get; to eat; to drink; to be crowned with; to wear (on one's head)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
than; from; out of; except; but; more
life; living; I; me; student