recently; lately; these days; nearest; closest
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
babysitting; babysitter; protecting; keeping; keeper
primary school; elementary school; grade school
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
strange; weird; wonder; mystery; cleverness; adroitness
rumour; rumor; report; hearsay; gossip; common talk
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to be washed away; to be carried; to drift; to float (e.g. clouds); to sweep (e.g. rumour, fire)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
first thing in the morning
classroom; lecture room; department (in a university); class; lessons; school (for a particular discipline)
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
honorific/polite/humble prefix
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
to exchange; to swap; to barter; to replace; to substitute
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
to erase; to delete; to turn off (power); to switch off; to extinguish; to put out
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
before one knows; before one becomes aware of; unnoticed; unawares
pretty; lovely; clean; clear; completely; entirely
cleaning; sweeping; dusting; scrubbing
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
surely; undoubtedly; sternly; severely; having no slack; rigid
honor student; honours student; model student; prize pupil
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
through; throughout; in the course of; all over or throughout (e.g. a place)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to say previously unspoken thoughts; to start saying; to court someone
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
clever; smart; sharp (ear, etc.); sensitive; discerning