indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
front and rear; front and back; before and after; around; about; order; context
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
behind; in the rear; in back
door (Western-style, car, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to open (a door, etc.); to unwrap (e.g. parcel, package); to open (for business, etc.); to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out
boarding (a train, bus, etc.); getting into (e.g. a taxi)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to board; to embark on; to get into (a car); to march into; to enter
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
equipping; installing; fitting; mounting; putting on
to step on; to tread on; to set foot on (e.g. foreign soil); to stand on; to experience; to undergo; to follow (rules, principles, etc.)
while; during; while; although; all; both
starting (machine, engine, car, etc.); activation
right; right-hand side; afore-mentioned (esp. in vertical Japanese writing); foregoing; forgoing
drive; trip by car; to (go for a) drive; to go on a trip by car; to drive (e.g. a car); to drive (innovation, change, etc.)
handbrake; parking brake; emergency brake
cancellation; rescinding; release; calling off; lifting (sanctions); delisting
slowly; unhurriedly; easily (e.g. in time); well; well (e.g. sleep); comfortably
release; unleashing; liberation; deallocation (of computer memory)
dangerous; risky; awful; terrible; terrific; amazing
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
operation (of a machine, etc.); operating; driving; working (capital, etc.)
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
scary; frightening; eerie; dreadful
to be coming; to be popular; to be fashionable; to be angry; to have blown one's lid
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
harassment (in the workplace) from a position of power; power harassment
things like; something like; someone like; such a thing as; (the fact) that; to think that
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
together (with); at the same time; in a lump