indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
family; members of a family
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
article (in document); provision; stripe; streak; although; though
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
contract; compact; agreement
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
chaos; confusion; disorder; chaotic; confused; uncertain
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
potentiality; likelihood; possibility; availability
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
how; in what way; how about
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
one; for one thing; only; (not) even; just (e.g. "just try it"); some kind of; one type of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
to end; to come to an end; to close; to finish
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case