indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
strengthening; intensifying; reinforcement; enhancement; solidification
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
eggs; egg; (hen's) egg; (an expert) in the making; beginning; origin
counter for parts, stages, installments, etc. (of a story, series, project, campaign, etc.); counter for bullets
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
please (give me); please (do for me)
to be heard; to be audible; to be said to be; to be reputed
first-person plural (or singular); second or third person plural (implies speaker is of higher status than those referred to)
group; crowd; flock; herd; bevy; school
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
adds force or indicates command
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
by means of; due to; because of; according to
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date