indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
ogre; demon; spirit of a deceased person; ogre-like person (i.e. fierce, relentless, merciless, etc.); it (in a game of tag, hide-and-seek, etc.); Chinese "ghost" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); very
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
odour; odor; scent; aura; whiff; smacks of ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
party; group; crew; company (of troops); corps; unit
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
model; type (e.g. of machine, goods, etc.); type; style; mold (mould); template; kata (standard form of a movement, posture, etc. in martial arts, sport, etc.)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
daughter; girl (i.e. a young, unmarried woman)
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
hm; um; huh?; what?; nuh-uh; no
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
to carry off; to run away with; to sweep away; to take entirely for oneself; to monopolize
foster child; adopted animal (e.g. pet)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
now; the present time; just now; another; more