indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
ogre; demon; spirit of a deceased person; ogre-like person (i.e. fierce, relentless, merciless, etc.); it (in a game of tag, hide-and-seek, etc.); Chinese "ghost" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); very
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
to request; to beg; to call; to order; to entrust to; to rely on
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
honorific/polite/humble prefix
eh?; what?; yes; that's correct; (arch.) strengthens a question, assertion, etc.; (arch.) hey
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
south-southeast; south-south-east
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
to stop (an activity); to cease; to discontinue; to cancel; to abandon; to give up
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
twelve; 12; queen (playing card)
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah