indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
honorific/polite/humble prefix
dog (Canis (lupus) familiaris); squealer; rat; loser; asshole; counterfeit
Lord; Sir; state minister (under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) you (in reference to someone of lower status)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
son (of others); boy; young master; green young man from a well-to-do family; young man innocent of the ways of the world
henry (unit of inductance)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
steward; butler; court official; deacon (Anglican, Lutheran, etc.)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
adds force or indicates command
whip; lash; scourge; stick; cane; rod
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
how; in what way; how about
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
very; considerably; by no means; not readily; middle; half-way point