indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
Richard; Richards; Richart; Ritchard
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
steward; butler; court official; deacon (Anglican, Lutheran, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Your Majesty; His Majesty; Her Majesty
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
bone; frame; outline; core; backbone; spirit
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
adds force or indicates command
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
lie; fib; mistake; error; unwise move; bad decision
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
et cetera; etc.; or something; the likes of; for example; for instance
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)