indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
adds force or indicates command
samurai on horseback; (medieval) knight
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
king; ruler; tycoon; magnate; king (of the senior player)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
now; the present time; just now; another; more
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
to make war (on); to wage war (against); to compete (against); to struggle (against adversities, etc.); to fight
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)