indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
class (of students); group (of people); party; lot; bunch; crime family; organized-crime syndicate
deer (esp. the sika deer, Cervus nippon); cervid
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
adds force or indicates command
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
gate; branch of learning based on the teachings of a single master; division; phylum; counter for cannons
lightning; thunder; god of thunder; god of lightning; anger; fit of anger
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
how; in what way; how about
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
to stop; to turn off; to park; to prevent; to suppress (a cough); to stop (someone from doing something); to dissuade
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
come; come now; well; who knows; well now; let's see
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
incarnation; impersonation; personification; avatar
(arch.) indicates emphasis, intention, etc.; indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
to be decided; to be settled; to be unchanging; to be the same (as always); to be a fixed rule; to be destined; to be well executed (of a manoeuvre in a sport, game, etc.)
to lose; to be defeated; to succumb; to give in; to be inferior to; to break out in a rash due to (e.g. lacquer, shaving, etc.)
tactics; strategy; military operation; naval operation
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in that way; thus; so; so?
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest