to get up; to rise; to wake up; to be awake; to occur (usu. of unfavourable incidents); to happen
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
on the road; on the street; in the street; on the way
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to fall (over, down); to collapse; to be destroyed (in a collapse); to collapse; to be confined to bed (with an illness); to come down with; to die
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
to memorize; to memorise; to learn; to pick up; to feel; to think
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
is that so? (generally rhetorical)
metropolitan governor; governor of Tokyo
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
such ... as; or some such
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
dying; death; dead; useless; damned
participation; taking part in; participating in; being concerned in
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
former (incumbent); predecessor
charge; duty; person in charge; connection; linking
monitoring; watching; observation; surveillance; guarding; supervision
government service; the bureaucracy
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
next (year, spring, etc.); coming; since (last month, etc.); for (20 years, etc.)
good (quality, condition, etc.); Good (grade); B
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
knowing; (an) acquaintance
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
search (esp. in criminal investigations); investigation; inquiry; enquiry
record; minutes; record (e.g. in sports); results; to record; to document
by means of; due to; because of; according to