indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
wind; breeze; manner; behaviour; cold; influenza
to pull; to tug; to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest); to draw back (e.g. one's hand); to draw in (one's chin, stomach, etc.); to draw (a card, mahjong tile, etc.)
adds force or indicates command
source of all kinds of diseases
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
to be careful; to pay attention; to take care
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
umbrella; parasol; something shaped like an umbrella or a conical hat; shade (of a lamp); mushroom cap
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to lend; to loan; to rent out; to hire out
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to borrow; to have a loan; to rent; to hire
fellow; guy; thing; object; he; she
to lose (something); to mislay; to get rid of; to eliminate; to remove
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
tasks; things to do; errand; business (to take care of); affairs; engagement
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
small; little; slight; below average (in degree, amount, etc.); low (e.g. sound); soft (e.g. voice)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
elementary school student; primary school student; grade school student
it is, isn't it?; I know, right?; innit?
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...