indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
opponent; rival; adversary; menace; danger; threat
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; not; 's
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
I; me; oneself; (arch.) you; (arch.) prefix indicating familiarity or contempt
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
in that way; thus; so; so?
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
adds force or indicates command
companion; partner; other party; addressee; opponent (sports, etc.)
this way; this direction; here; this (one); I; me
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
victory; triumph; conquest; success; win
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)