indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
small peninsula; cape; promontory; headland
your; indicates high rank or status; indicates love and respect (usu. for an older person)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
win; victory; beautiful scenery; scenic spot; counter for wins
black; black go stone; guilt; guilty person
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
gold and iron; firmness; adamancy
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become