indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
handmade; homegrown; hand-crafted; homemade
cooked rice; meal; food; one's living; livelihood
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
heavy; weighty; heavy (feeling); depressed; slow; sluggish; important (position, responsibility, etc.)
why?; what for?; how?; by what means?
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
to go on about (one's love affairs); to speak proudly of (one's spouse, girlfriend, etc.); to speak fondly of
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
almost; roughly; approximately
to make; to produce; to prepare (food); to brew (alcohol); to raise; to grow; to till
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
envious; jealous; enviable (position, etc.)
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
skillful; skilful; delicious; appetizing; fortunate; splendid
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
extremely; terrifically; super
bad (taste); unpalatable; poor; unskillful; ugly; unattractive
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
very hard; with utmost effort; as hard as one can; with all one's might; for dear life; eagerly
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to praise; to commend; to compliment; to speak well of; to speak highly of
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
wrong; not good; hopeless; past hope; must not do
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
once; one time; one round; one game; one bout; one heat
to burst into tears; to burst out crying; to begin to cry; to be moved to tears
honest; frank; candid; honestly; frankly
that's the way it is; such is life
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
curry (esp. Japanese curry); rice and curry
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...