spring; springtime; New Year; prime (of life); height (of one's prosperity); adolescence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to be silent; to say nothing
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
feelings; thoughts; meaning
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be conspicuous; to stand out
to stare at; to look hard at; to look up and down; to scrutinize; to scrutinise
disliked; hated; tendency; smack (of); distinction; discrimination
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
I see; that's right; indeed
supposing; even if; granting that; temporarily; provisionally; for the time being
in that way; thus; so; so?
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
to interrupt; to interfere; to meddle; to intrude; to butt in; to poke one's nose into
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
I wonder; should I?; is it?; I wish that; I hope that
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
number one; first; best; most; game; round
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
so; therefore; accordingly; consequently; on those grounds; that is why
oh; ho; exclamation of surprise, admiration, etc.; hoo (owl call); toot (sound of a flute)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)