indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
just now; a moment ago; this very minute
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
representative; representation; delegation; switchboard number; main number
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
Kansai; region consisting of Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto and surrounding prefectures; Kansai; south-western half of Japan (during the feudal era)
mass meeting; convention; tournament; competition; grand event
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
bad; poor; poor (quality); inferior; evil; sinful; ugly
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
two persons; two people; pair; couple
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
club activities; extracurricular activities
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to become muddy; to become cloudy; to become dull (of a sound, color, etc.); to become hoarse; to become impure (of a heart, society, etc.); to be corrupted
(following a verb) to be sure to; to do (something) so that ...; to make sure to; to try to
please (give me); please (do for me)
slovenly (appearance, work, etc.); sloppy; untidy; weak; feeble; weak-willed
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
practice; training; drill; (an) exercise; workout
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
honorific/polite/humble prefix
Bon holidays; Bon holiday period (in mid-August)
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
after that; afterwards; thereafter
immediately; at once; soon; before long; easily; readily
lodging together; training camp; boarding house
health management; health maintenance; health care