great depth; bottomless; great height
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
elementary school; primary school; school for children over eight years old in ancient China; traditional Chinese philology
nth-year student; nth-year pupil
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
death; (an) out; death penalty (by strangulation or decapitation; most severe of the five ritsuryō punishments)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to climb over; to get over; to overcome (a difficulty, obstacle, etc.); to surmount; to surpass (a predecessor); to overtake
taking; taker; last performer of the day (usu. the star performer); last performance of the day; active partner (e.g. in judo demonstration); emphatic or formal prefix
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
order; discipline; regularity; system; method
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
today; this day; these days; recently; nowadays
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
diligently; assiduously; industriously; beavering away
to continue to work; to work away (at)
suffix for familiar person
well; properly; best regards; please remember me; just like ...; as though one were ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
farming out (all of a project) to subcontractors; hundred-percent outsourcing; leaving (a responsibility) entirely to someone else; offloading (a problem, work, etc.); wholesale delegation
sentence-ending particle expressing doubt; sentence-ending particle expressing a rhetorical question
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
as stated; verbatim; literally
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to eat; to live; to make a living; to bite; to sting (as insects do); to tease; to torment
must not (do); should not; do not; cannot
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
yen (currency of Japan); circle
you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
cry (of an animal); call; chirp; song; caw; roar