trouble; hardship; difficulty; anxiety; worry; concern
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
period of youth; while young
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to grow up; to become an adult
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
comfort; ease; easy; simple; (economically) comfortable; raku pottery
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
pet saying; favorite phrase (favorite); stock phrase; manner of talking
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
perhaps; probably; generous; many; much
saying; maxim; aphorism; proverb
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
misconstruction; distortion; misinterpretation; misunderstanding; perversion; contortion
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
emergency; accident; rare possibility; unexpected occurrence
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
great depth; bottomless; great height
to ferry across (e.g. a river); to carry across; to lay across; to build across; to hand over; to hand in
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to look after; to take care of; to be put in charge of; to be given responsibility for; to withhold (an announcement); to reserve (judgment)
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
abrupt; sudden; unexpected
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to be surprised; to be amazed; to be frightened; surprise (e.g. surprise party)
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
continuously in some state (for a long time, distance); throughout; much (better, etc.); by far; far away; long ago
together (with); at the same time; in a lump
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
figure; form; appearance; dress; state; condition
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
deplorable; regrettable; disappointing; vexing; unfortunate
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point