indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
gentian (Gentiana scabra var. buergeri); autumn bellflower
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
force; unit; corps; squad; troops; party
low price; moderate price
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
evening; last night; yesterday evening
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to rescue from; to help out of; to save
equipment; device; installation; stage setting
powerful deity (sometimes impetuous); miraculous spirit
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
Heian era court lady's song (accompanying men's oouta); court lady singing a kouta; ditty; ballad; kyogen kouta; style of kyogen song based on the Muromachi songs, often love ballad
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
to throw down; to bring down; to kill; to defeat; to overthrow; to trip up