indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
passing (an exam); pass; success; meeting (specifications, standards, etc.); passing (inspection); qualification
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to enter; to come in; to join (a club, company, etc.); to enter (a university, the army, etc.); to be contained (in); to be included (in); to (be able to) fit (in a container, building, etc.)
procedure; process; proceedings; formalities
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
inspection (e.g. customs, factory); examination; test; check; scan (e.g. MRI, PET); audit
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to line up; to stand in a line; to rival; to match; to equal
please (give me); please (do for me)
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
father; dad; husband; you (of an elderly person older than the speaker); he
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
to finish; to end; to have a result less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
traditional ordering of the Japanese syllabary; fundamentals; the ABCs of ...
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young woman; young (animal); offshoot
by no means; never!; certainly (not); surely (not); something unexpected; emergency
powerful deity (sometimes impetuous); miraculous spirit
to go; to move (towards); to move through; to travel across; to go (well, badly, etc.); to proceed; to do (in a particular way)
to disappear (of people or animals); to go (away); to leave; to no longer exist
from now on; after this; in the future; from here; from this point
how; in what way; how about
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well ...; I think ...
to abandon; to fail; to desert; to forsake
they; those guys; those fellows
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)