jpdb beta

indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question

12

indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis

10

model; type (e.g. of machine, goods, etc.); type; style; mold (mould); template; kata (standard form of a movement, posture, etc. in martial arts, sport, etc.)

9

hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo

7

at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for

4

indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.

4

too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as

4

indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)

3

from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)

3

adds force or indicates command

3

well then ...; in that situation; in which case

3

Mr (junior); master; boy

3

elder; senior; senior monk; dean; presbyter

3

if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question

2

be; is; did; (have) done; please; do

2

indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very

2

be; is

2

to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk

2

now; soon; already; yet; further; more

2

to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become

2

no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all

2

to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch

2

work; job; labor; work

2

to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do

2

behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)

2

enjoyable; fun; pleasant; happy; delightful

2

but; however; although

2

I; me; you; manservant

2

to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post

2

so; therefore; accordingly; consequently; on those grounds; that is why

2

nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not

2

hey; say; look

2

this year

2

winter

2

music

2

cheers; bottoms-up; toast; drink (in celebration or in honor of something); drinking one's glass dry

2

you (when referring to one's equals or inferiors)

2

at; in; at; when; by; with; and then

1

thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work

1

that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you

1

right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?

1

but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...

1

the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...

1

good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial

1

only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to

1

Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker

1

to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage

1

such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!

1

seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!

1

such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o

1